Neutrality and acidity

Communism, Value Neutrality and Monetary Neutrality

One of the most puzzling aspects about the functioning of the floating exchange rate regime of the 1980s has been that huge swings in exchange rate have had only muted effects on anything real. To understand this phenomenon, we study the relationship between communism and value neutrality and monetary neutrality. We find that the symmetry of communism is bound to lead to value neutrality. In th...

Robustness, evolvability, and neutrality.

Biological systems, from macromolecules to whole organisms, are robust if they continue to function, survive, or reproduce when faced with mutations, environmental change, and internal noise. I focus here on biological systems that are robust to mutations and ask whether such systems are more or less evolvable, in the sense that they can acquire novel properties. The more robust a system is, th...

Discounting and Risk Neutrality

Let be a binary relation in which is a real vector space of vector-valued discrete-time Ð ¤ ß Z Ñ Z stochastic processes with as the sequence of zero vectors. If satisfies four axioms, then ! Ð ¤ ß Z Ñ there are unique discount factors such that preferences regarding stochastic processes induce prefences among present value random vectors. Three of the axioms are familiar: weak ordering, contin...

Network Neutrality and Transparency

Ruggedness and Neutrality

Fitness landscapes have been proposed as a theoretical construct for investigating and explaining a range of phenomena from biology, physics and combinatorial optimization. A simple definition of a fitness landscape can be given as a triple (V, E, f), where V is a set of vertices, E is a set of undirected edges between the vertices of V, and f:V is an arbitrary function. The vertices of V are c...